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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клиническая лабораторная диагностика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-2084</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-1320</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">633797</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/cld633797</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Amino acid profile of umbilical cord blood plasma of premature newborns in early diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis: a pilot study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Аминокислотный профиль плазмы пуповинной крови глубоко недоношенных новорождённых в ранней диагностике некротизирующего энтероколита: пилотное исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5687-3976</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">24781343800</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">D-6010-2014</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3681-1816</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sinitskii</surname><given-names>Anton I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Синицкий</surname><given-names>Антон Иванович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, доцент</p></bio><email>sinitskiyai@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3745-3690</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6298-8131</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vinel</surname><given-names>Polina K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Винель</surname><given-names>Полина Константиновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate student of the Department of Biochemistry named after R.I. Lifshitz</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры Биохимии имени Р.И. Лифшица</p></bio><email>vinelpolina@icloud.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8865-6412</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6365-0061</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shatrova</surname><given-names>Yulia M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шатрова</surname><given-names>Юлия Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>shatr20@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6695-7388</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7966-9068</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsareva</surname><given-names>Valentina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Царева</surname><given-names>Валентина Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук</p></bio><email>semenovatsareva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9327-7779</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2209-4645</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grunin</surname><given-names>Alexandr V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грунин</surname><given-names>Александр Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>sasha_grunin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8483-0265</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3279-5957</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gusarova</surname><given-names>Eugenia O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусарова</surname><given-names>Евгения Олеговна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Evgeniyagusarova89@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">South-Ural State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Южно-Уральский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Chelyabinsk Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Челябинская областная детская клиническая больница</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Regional perinatal center</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Областной перинатальный центр</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-07-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>69</volume><issue>7</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>91</fpage><lpage>100</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-06-25"><day>25</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-07-05"><day>05</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Sinitskii A.I., Vinel P.K., Shatrova Y.M., Tsareva V.V., Grunin A.V., Gusarova E.O.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Синицкий А.И., Винель П.К., Шатрова Ю.М., Царева В.В., Грунин А.В., Гусарова Е.О.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sinitskii A.I., Vinel P.K., Shatrova Y.M., Tsareva V.V., Grunin A.V., Gusarova E.O.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Синицкий А.И., Винель П.К., Шатрова Ю.М., Царева В.В., Грунин А.В., Гусарова Е.О.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-08-27"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kld-journal.fedlab.ru/0869-2084/article/view/633797">https://kld-journal.fedlab.ru/0869-2084/article/view/633797</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND</bold>: Necrotizing enterocolitis is a common emergency condition in premature infants, which is characterized by high rates of mortality and disability. Its diagnosis is complex and often ineffective, thus, the search for biomarkers for prognosis and early diagnosis of the disease is underway.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> To identify changes in the amino acid spectrum of umbilical cord blood plasma that precede the development of necrotizing enterocolitis in extremely premature infants.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</bold> The study was conducted from June 2023 to May 2024. Umbilical cord blood was obtained from physiological and operative deliveries of extremely preterm newborns of ≤32 weeks gestational age, considering the informed consent obtained from the mother, absence of standard contraindications, and exclusion criteria. The children were observed from birth to discharge. Necrotizing enterocolitis was diagnosed by identifying laboratory signs of a systemic inflammatory response in combination with clinical and instrumental data. Amino acid levels in cord blood plasma were determined by capillary electrophoresis. Based on the results of monitoring patients, two groups were retrospectively formed: the comparison group including 10 extremely premature newborns who did not develop necrotizing enterocolitis during the entire observation period, and the main group consisting of 5 patients with necrotizing enterocolitis. The study participants were comparable in body weight and Apgar and Ballard scores at birth. In the main group, necrotizing enterocolitis of stages I–III was diagnosed within 2 weeks of birth.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The development of necrotizing enterocolitis is preceded by a decrease in proteinogenic amino acid level in the umbilical cord blood plasma by 13.9% (p=0.019). This includes the levels of arginine and proline (by 36.2 and 32.8%, p=0.008 and p=0.028, respectively), leucine and isoleucine (41.8 and 36.9%, p=0.030 and p=0.005, respectively), and tryptophan (by 35.5%, p=0.019). A decrease in the levels of methionine (by 28.0%, p=0.028), serine (by 24.1%, p=0.013), and phenylalanine (by 15.8%, p=0.040) was less pronounced, but statistically significant.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Comparing the data obtained to the results of other studies, disturbances in the biosynthesis and/or transplacental transfer of amino acids (primarily arginine and amino acids with branched hydrocarbon radicals) can be considered as crucial links in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. The present study used umbilical cord blood obtained at the birth of a child, hence, the identified changes should be considered not as a consequence of intestinal damage but as specific changes in the pool of free amino acids, against which necrotizing enterocolitis is highly possible to develop.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Одним из наиболее распространённых неотложных состояний периода новорождённости у недоношенных детей, для которого характерны высокие показатели смертности и инвалидизации, является некротизирующий энтероколит. Диагностика заболевания сложна и часто малоэффективна, поэтому активно ведётся поиск биомаркёров, пригодных для прогноза и ранней диагностики заболевания.</p> <p>Цель — выявление изменений аминокислотного спектра плазмы пуповинной крови, предшествующих развитию некротизирующего энтероколита у глубоко недоношенных детей.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Исследование проведено в период с июня 2023 по май 2024 г. Пуповинную кровь получали при физиологических и оперативных родах глубоко и крайне недоношенных новорождённых гестационного возраста 32 недель и менее с учётом информированного согласия матери и отсутствия стандартных противопоказаний, а также с учётом критериев невключения/исключения. Дети наблюдались от момента рождения до выписки. Диагноз «некротизирующий энтероколит» устанавливался при выявлении лабораторных признаков системного воспалительного ответа в сочетании с клиническими данными и данными инструментальных методов. Определение концентрации аминокислот плазмы пуповинной крови производилось методом капиллярного электрофореза. По результатам наблюдения за пациентами и диагностики заболевания ретроспективно было сформировано 2 группы: группа сравнения — глубоко недоношенные новорождённые, у которых в течение всего периода наблюдения не развивался некротизирующий энтероколит (n=10), и основная группа — пациенты с некротизирующим энтероколитом (n=5). Участники обеих исследуемых группы были сопоставимы по массе тела и оценке по шкалам Апгар и Баллард при рождении.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> В основной группе в течение двух недель от рождения был диагностирован некротизирующий энтероколит I–III стадий. Развитию заболевания предшествует снижение общей концентрации протеиногенных аминокислот плазмы пуповинной крови на 13,9% (<italic>p</italic><italic>=</italic>0,019). Прежде всего это касается показателей аргинина и пролина (на 36,2 и 32,8%, <italic>p</italic><italic>=</italic>0,008 и <italic>p</italic><italic>=</italic>0,028 соответственно), лейцина и изолейцина (41,8 и 36,9%, <italic>p</italic><italic>=</italic>0,030 и <italic>p</italic><italic>=</italic>0,005 соответственно), триптофана (на 35,5%, <italic>p</italic><italic>=</italic>0,019). Менее выраженным, но статистически значимым было снижение содержания метионина (на 28,0%, <italic>p</italic><italic>=</italic>0,028)), серина (на 24,1%, <italic>p</italic><italic>=</italic>0,013) и фенилаланина (на 15,8%, <italic>p</italic><italic>=</italic>0,040).</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Сопоставляя полученные данные с результатами других исследователей, можно предположить, что нарушения биосинтеза и/или трансплацентарного переноса аминокислот (прежде всего аргинина и аминокислот с разветвлённым углеводородным радикалом) могут рассматриваться как одно из важных звеньев патогенеза некротизирующего энтероколита. Поскольку в настоящем исследовании в качестве объекта была использована пуповинная кровь, полученная при рождении ребёнка, выявленные изменения следует рассматривать не как последствие повреждения кишечника, а как специфические изменения пула свободных аминокислот, на фоне которых с высокой вероятностью может развиваться некротизирующий энтероколит.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>necrotizing enterocolitis</kwd><kwd>umbilical cord blood</kwd><kwd>amino acid profile</kwd><kwd>capillary electrophoresis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>некротизирующий энтероколит</kwd><kwd>пуповинная кровь</kwd><kwd>аминокислотный профиль</kwd><kwd>капиллярный электрофорез</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>23-25-10079</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agakidou E, Agakidis C, Gika H, Sarafidis K. 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