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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клиническая лабораторная диагностика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-2084</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-1320</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">660880</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/cld660880</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">TZPDHI</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The Application of Multiplex Real-time PCR and Routine Culture Method in the Children Gut Microbiota Assessing</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Возможности мультиплексной полимеразной цепной реакции в реальном времени и рутинного культурального исследования для оценки микробиоты толстого кишечника у детей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9752-5054</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5829-8343</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Amineva</surname><given-names>Polina G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аминева</surname><given-names>Полина Геннадьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>pga@qualitymed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1630-1628</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7431-2128</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Voroshilina</surname><given-names>Ekaterina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ворошилина</surname><given-names>Екатерина Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>voroshilina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5311-1247</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2145-8065</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kornilov</surname><given-names>Daniil O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корнилов</surname><given-names>Даниил Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>danilovkornil@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0855-2163</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1598-6507</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Simarzina</surname><given-names>Veronika М.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Симарзина</surname><given-names>Вероника Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>simarzina.vm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2647-8607</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4848-4198</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tryapitsyn</surname><given-names>Mikhail A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тряпицын</surname><given-names>Михайл Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>averson2016@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9761-0950</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4555-9530</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrov</surname><given-names>Vasily М.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петров</surname><given-names>Василий Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>petruha_w@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9132-215X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8119-6035</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zornikov</surname><given-names>Danila L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зорников</surname><given-names>Данила Леонидович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>zornikovdl@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ural State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уральский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Medical Center «Quality Med»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Медицинский центр «Кволити Мед»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Medical Center «Garmonia»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Медицинский центр «Гармония»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-07-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>69</volume><issue>11</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>325</fpage><lpage>335</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-25"><day>25</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-05-23"><day>23</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Amineva P.G., Voroshilina E.S., Kornilov D.O., Simarzina V.М., Tryapitsyn M.A., Petrov V.М., Zornikov D.L.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Аминева П.Г., Ворошилина Е.С., Корнилов Д.О., Симарзина В.М., Тряпицын М.А., Петров В.М., Зорников Д.Л.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Amineva P.G., Voroshilina E.S., Kornilov D.O., Simarzina V.М., Tryapitsyn M.A., Petrov V.М., Zornikov D.L.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Аминева П.Г., Ворошилина Е.С., Корнилов Д.О., Симарзина В.М., Тряпицын М.А., Петров В.М., Зорников Д.Л.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-07-27"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kld-journal.fedlab.ru/0869-2084/article/view/660880">https://kld-journal.fedlab.ru/0869-2084/article/view/660880</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background:</bold> In recent decades, considerable attention has been paid to the study of the gut microbiota. Nevertheless, the existing diagnostic approaches to assessing the gut microbiota in clinical practice are very limited. In this regard, there is a need to introduce a validated laboratory method, taking into account modern ideas about the gut microbiota. </p> <p><bold>Aim</bold>: to compare the results of gut microbiota examination by a routine culture method and real-time PCR in children</p> <p><bold>Methods:</bold><italic> </italic>102 stool samples from children aged 0 to 14 years were simultaneously examined by a routine culture method and real-time PCR. The PCR was performed using the "Enteroflor Kiddy Kit" (DNA-Technology, Russia), which allows to determine the quantity of total bacterial mass, 40 groups of normal and opportunistic microorganisms, estimated numbers of "child" and "adult" bifidobacteria, the <italic>Clostridioides difficile </italic>enterotoxin genes – <italic>cdtA</italic> and <italic>cdtB</italic>, the <italic>Streptococcus agalactiae </italic>adhesin gene – <italic>Srr2, </italic>the staphylococcal marker of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics – gene <italic>mecA, </italic>as well as the relative abundance of each bacterial group.</p> <p><bold>Results:</bold><italic> </italic>The culture method allowed to isolate up to 15 microbial groups in the samples. The real-time PCR identified 43 groups, 2 virulence genes and one gene for antibiotic resistance in amounts up to 10<sup>11</sup> GE/g, allowed to calculate the abundance of each target bacterial group from all detected bacteria. The best result matching between the culture method and the real-time PCR was noted for <italic>C.</italic><italic> albicans</italic> (100% of double-negative results), <italic>Bifidobacterium</italic><italic> spp.</italic> (92.2% matches), <italic>E.</italic><italic> coli</italic> (80.4% matches) and <italic>S.</italic><italic> aureus</italic> (64.7% matches). Whereas for the other compared microbial groups, the matching results were recorded only in 9.8-36.3% of the samples. The greatest discrepancies concerned difficult-to-cultivate groups of microorganisms, such as lactobacilli, clostridia, and bacteroids.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> The real-time PCR method was able to confirm the positive results of the culture study in 94.3% of cases, whereas the growth of microorganisms in PCR-positive samples was noted only in 32% of cases. The spectrum of microbial markers determined by real-time PCR significantly exceeded that for the culture method.<bold><italic> </italic></bold></p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> За последние десятилетия значительное внимание учёных уделено исследованию микробиоты кишечника, однако существующие диагностические подходы к её оценке в клинической практике весьма ограничены. В связи с этим назрела необходимость внедрения валидированного лабораторного метода с учётом современных представлений о микробиоте кишечника.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold>. Сопоставление результатов исследования микробиоты толстого кишечника у детей рутинным культуральным методом (посев фекалий на дисбиоз кишечника) и полимеразной цепной реакции в режиме реального времени.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> 102 образца фекалий детей в возрасте от 0 до 14 лет были одновременно исследованы классическим культуральным методом и методом полимеразной цепной реакции в режиме реального времени. Полимеразную цепную реакцию проводили с использованием набора реагентов «Энтерофлор Дети» (ДНК-Технология, Россия). Методом полимеразной цепной реакции в режиме реального времени определяли 46 параметров: общую бактериальную массу, 40 групп представителей нормальной и условно-патогенной микробиоты, в том числе количества «детских» и «взрослых» бифидобактерий, а также 2 маркера патогенности (гены энтеротоксинов <italic>Сlostridioides difficile tcdA </italic>и <italic>tcdB</italic>, ген адгезина <italic>Streptococcus agalactiae Srr2</italic>) и маркер резистентности к антибиотикам — ген <italic>mecА</italic>. По каждому показателю определяли абсолютное количество, выраженное в геном-эквивалентах на 1 грамм фекалий (ГЭ/г), и рассчитывали долю от выявленных бактерий.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Культуральным методом в исследованных образцах идентифицировали до 15 групп микроорганизмов. Применение полимеразной цепной реакции в режиме реального времени позволило идентифицировать 43 группы микроорганизмов в количествах до 10<sup>11</sup> ГЭ/г, 2 гена патогенности и один ген антибиотикорезистентности, а также рассчитать долю отдельных микроорганизмов в микробном сообществе. Наибольшее совпадение результатов отмечали для <italic>Candida albicans </italic>(все пробы отрицательные при исследовании обоими методами), <italic>Bifidobacterium </italic>spp. (92,2% совпадений), <italic>Escherichia coli </italic>(80,4% совпадений) и <italic>Staphylococcus aureus </italic>(64,7% совпадений). Для остальных сравниваемых групп микроорганизмов сопоставимые результаты регистрировали лишь в 9,8–36,3% образцов. Наиболее выраженные расхождения касались труднокультивируемых групп микроорганизмов, таких как лактобациллы, клостридии и бактероиды.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Метод полимеразной цепной реакции в реальном времени смог подтвердить положительные результаты культурального исследования в 94,3% случаев, тогда как рост микроорганизмов в случае положительной ПЦР отмечали только в 32% случаев. Спектр определяемых данным методом микробных маркеров существенно превосходил таковой для культурального метода.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Gut microbiota</kwd><kwd>culture method</kwd><kwd>real-time polymerase chain reaction</kwd><kwd>MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Микробиота кишечника</kwd><kwd>культуральное исследование</kwd><kwd>полимеразная цепная реакция в реальном времени</kwd><kwd>MALDI-TOF масс-спектрометрия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Hufnagl K, Pali-Schöll I, Roth-Walter F, Jensen-Jarolim E. Dysbiosis of the gut and lung microbiome has a role in asthma. Semin Immunopathol. 2020;42:75–93. doi: 10.1007/s00281-019-00775-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Liu Y, Du X, Zhai S, et al. Gut microbiota and atopic dermatitis in children: a scoping review. 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