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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клиническая лабораторная диагностика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-2084</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-1320</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">679562</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/cld679562</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ILFFLQ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Method for assessing the immunogenicity of blood group antigens and clinical significance of erythrocyte antibodies</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Метод оценки иммуногенности антигенов групп крови и клинического значения антител к эритроцитам</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7474-7559</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6443-2422</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Butina</surname><given-names>Elena Vladimirovna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бутина</surname><given-names>Елена Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>butinalena@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7137-8877</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7528-9460</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mineeva</surname><given-names>Natalia Vitalievna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минеева</surname><given-names>Наталья Витальевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>a_mineev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4286-7385</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8318-3183</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pozdeev</surname><given-names>Nikolai Markovich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поздеев</surname><given-names>Николай Маркович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p>
<p> </p></bio><email>nmpozdeev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Osteosintez LLC</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="kk"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="pt"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО «Остеосинтез»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bio-Rad Laboratories</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО «Био-Рад Лаборатории»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kirov State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Кировский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-07-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>69</volume><issue>11</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>357</fpage><lpage>364</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-12"><day>12</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-06-23"><day>23</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Butina E.V., Mineeva N.V., Pozdeev N.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Бутина Е.В., Минеева Н.В., Поздеев Н.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Butina E.V., Mineeva N.V., Pozdeev N.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бутина Е.В., Минеева Н.В., Поздеев Н.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-07-27"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kld-journal.fedlab.ru/0869-2084/article/view/679562">https://kld-journal.fedlab.ru/0869-2084/article/view/679562</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The clinical significance of blood group antigens is determined by their ability to stimulate the formation of alloantibodies in response to red blood cell transfusions. The frequency of antibody detection in recipients exhibits country-specific characteristics and depends on the antigenic diversity of the population, the use of anti-Rh immunoglobulin, and the implementation of alloimmunization prevention strategies in transfusion therapy. The effects of antibodies in transfusions involving incompatible erythrocytes range widely—from mild symptomatic anemia to life-threatening complications.</p> <p>The conducted analysis of large-scale immunohematological studies allowed for the classification of antigens into highly immunogenic—D, E, K (Kell); moderately immunogenic—C, c, Jk<sup>a</sup> (Kidd), Fy<sup>a</sup> (Duffy), M (MNS), Le<sup>a</sup> (Lewis); and low-immunogenic—other erythrocyte antigens. Analysis of annual SHOT (Serious Hazards of Transfusion, UK) and FDA (Food and Drug Administration, USA) reports showed that monospecific antibodies to Jk<sup>a</sup>, Jk<sup>b</sup>, Fy<sup>a</sup>, c, and E antigens account for the majority of delayed hemolytic reactions, whereas antibodies to K, Fy<sup>a</sup>, c, Jk<sup>a</sup>, and Jk<sup>b</sup> antigens are responsible for most transfusion-related fatalities.</p> <p>A review of studies on the immunological safety of erythrocyte transfusions led to the development of a method for quantitatively assessing the immunogenicity of antigens and the clinical significance of monospecific antibodies. Each erythrocyte antigen was assigned a numerical value expressed in arbitrary units. This antigen significance factor can be used in phenotypic donor matching—including via software—and in selecting erythrocytes with the lowest clinical risk of alloimmunization and transfusion complications in critical situations when blood components fully matched to the recipient’s phenotype are unavailable.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Клиническое значение антигенов групп крови определяется их способностью стимулировать образование аллоантител в ответ на трансфузии эритроцитов. Частота выявления антител у реципиентов имеет особенности, характерные для разных стран, и зависит от антигенного разнообразия популяции, применения антирезусного иммуноглобулина и мероприятий по профилактике аллоиммунизации при трансфузионной терапии. Эффект действия антител при трансфузиях несовместимых эритроцитов варьирует в широких пределах — от лёгкой симптоматической анемии до угрожающих жизни осложнений.</p> <p>Проведённый анализ масштабных иммуногематологических исследований дал возможность разделить антигены на высокоиммуногенные — D, E, K (Kell); средней иммуногенности — C, c, Jk<sup>a </sup>(Kidd), Fy<sup>a</sup> (Duffy), M (MNS), Le<sup>a</sup> (Lewis); низкой иммуногенности — другие антигены эритроцитов. Обзор ежегодных отчётов SHOT (Serious Hazards of Transfusion, Великобритания) и FDA (Food and Drug Administration, США) показал, что моноспецифические антитела к антигенам Jk<sup>a</sup>, Jk<sup>b</sup>, Fy<sup>a</sup>, c, E являются причиной наибольшего числа отсроченных гемолитических реакций, а антитела к антигенам K, Fy<sup>a</sup>, c, Jk<sup>a</sup>, Jk<sup>b</sup> — наибольшего числа смертельных случаев, связанных с переливанием крови.</p> <p>Обзор исследований, посвящённых иммунологической безопасности трансфузий эритроцитов, позволил разработать метод количественной оценки иммуногенности антигенов и клинической значимости моноспецифических антител. Каждому антигену эритроцитов присвоено числовое значение, выраженное в условных единицах. Это фактор значимости антигена, который может быть использован при фенотипическом подборе доноров, в том числе с помощью компьютерной программы, а также при выборе наименее клинически опасных с точки зрения развития аллоиммунизации и посттрансфузионных осложнений эритроцитов в критических ситуациях, когда отсутствуют компоненты крови, полностью совместимые с реципиентом по фенотипу.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>erythrocytes</kwd><kwd>antigen significance factor</kwd><kwd>antigens</kwd><kwd>antibodies</kwd><kwd>alloimmunization</kwd><kwd>immunogenicity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эритроциты</kwd><kwd>фактор значимости антигена</kwd><kwd>антигены</kwd><kwd>антитела</kwd><kwd>аллоиммунизация</kwd><kwd>иммуногенность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Butina EV. 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