Neurochemical Mechanisms of Addiction

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Abstract

The spread of various types of addictions is an actual problem in society. In modern world, filled with various stressors, adults and especially teenagers often fall victim to substance use or other addictions. As a result, addictive patients develop symptoms such as: unmotivated aggression and psychosis associated with craving for drug use; in later stages – anhedonia, depression, suicide attempts, as well as a number of serious illnesses. Thus, the development of drug addiction can lead to irreversible consequences for the psychological and physical health of both addicted people and their environment. Despite the differences in the mechanism of action of substance use or other addictions, such as gambling or even video games, numerous experimental and clinical data show that the neurochemical mechanisms underlying the formation of various types of addictions are almost the same and primary involving changes in the mesolimbic dopamine system. This review highlights the internal neurochemical mechanisms underlying the formation of various types of addictions and modern approaches to treatment.

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About the authors

V. V. Nemets

St. Petersburg State University

Author for correspondence.
Email: v.v.nemets@spbu.ru
Russian Federation, St. Petersburg

V. P. Grinevich

Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory

Email: v.v.nemets@spbu.ru
Russian Federation, Krasnodar Region

R. R. Gainetdinov

Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory

Email: v.v.nemets@spbu.ru
Russian Federation, Krasnodar Region

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2. Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the effect of narcotic substances (NS) on the functioning of various parts of the human brain. The figure shows a diagram of the interaction of various parts of the human brain under normal conditions, with short-term use of NS and during long-term use, as well as the main behavioral manifestations and possible consequences of NS use. The interaction of various parts of the brain is based on neurotransmitter neurotransmission, which has an activating (DA, GLU, NA) and inhibitory (GABA, SER) effect on various parts of the brain. The figure shows the limbic parts of the brain (Pfc - prefrontal cortex, NAc - nucleus accumbens, Am - amygdala, VTA - ventral tegmental area), as well as Rn - raphe nuclei (source of SER neurotransmission), LC - locus coeruleus (source of NA neurotransmission).

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