Analysis of the Structure of the Mitochondrial Gene Pool of Russian Old-Settlers of the Arctic Coast of Yakutia from Village Russkoye Usty’e

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In this study analysis of the mitochondrial gene pool of residents of the village Russkoye Usty’e was carried out. It was revealed that the spectrum of mitochondrial lines of the Russian old-settlers is represented by 8 haplogroups and is characterized by the dominance of East-Eurasian lineages C, D, G, F and M13, which amounted to 66.7%. The West-Eurasian lineages HV, H and U (33.3%) were minor, which predominated the rare sub-haplogroup H2a. It was revealed that among Russian old-settlers, the H2 lineages occurs with one of the highest frequencies in the world (16.7%), forming a specific cluster, distant from the other European H2a-lineages, probably formed as a result of a founder effect. The preservation of specific maternal lineages in the gene pool of the Russian old-settlers may be one of the convincing evidence in favor of the existence of an earlier by sea wave of settlement of the Arctic coast of Yakutia by Pomorians in XVI c., before the arrival of the Cossacks in XVII c.

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作者简介

T. Borisova

Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University

Email: sardaanafedorova@mail.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Yakutsk, 677013

A. Solovyev

Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University

Email: sardaanafedorova@mail.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Yakutsk, 677013

G. Romanov

Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University

Email: sardaanafedorova@mail.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Yakutsk, 677013

F. Teryutin

Yakut Scientific Center of Complex Medical Problems

Email: sardaanafedorova@mail.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Yakutsk, 677000

V. Pshennikova

Yakut Scientific Center of Complex Medical Problems

Email: sardaanafedorova@mail.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Yakutsk, 677000

N. Barashkov

Yakut Scientific Center of Complex Medical Problems

Email: sardaanafedorova@mail.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Yakutsk, 677000

S. Fedorova

Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: sardaanafedorova@mail.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Yakutsk, 677013

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2. Fig. 1. Phylogenetic tree constructed by the UPGMA method using the polymorphism data of the mtDNA fragment 16028-181, including mtDNA HBSI and II (51 samples). One site of divergence between the samples was calculated using the relative evolutionary rate test based on the χ² criterion [30]. One site of divergence was found between the Russkoye Ustye samples (χ² = 4.5; p < 0.05). Ancient samples: Alh_2, Alh_3 are samples from the Altheim (Andreasweg) site in modern-day Bavaria in southern Germany, mostly dated to around 500 BC [31]. DA171 is an ancient sample from a site in modern-day Lithuania, dated to 1800–1500 BC (Iron Age); DA191, DA194 and DA197 are samples from sites in the territory of modern Hungary, dated to 2409, 2322 and 2378 BC respectively (Iron Age); DA51 are samples from archaeological excavations in the Tien Shan territory, dated to 2220 BC [32]. I0122 is an ancient sample from the archaeological burial ground of Khvalynsk II (Samara region, Russia), dated to 5200–4000 BC (Bronze Age) [33]. I2604 is an ancient sample from a burial near Barton Stacey (Hampshire, England), dated to 2210–2030 BC (Bronze Age); I2653, I2656 – ancient samples from a burial in East Lothian (Scotland), dated to 1500–1300 and 1279–980 BC (Bronze Age), respectively [34]. I6561 – ancient sample from a burial near Alexandria (Ukraine), dated to 4045–3974 BC (Neolithic) [35]. POST_1 (Haunstetten – Postillionstraße), UNTA58-62_147, UNTA85-1336 (Haunstetten – Unterer Talweg) – ancient samples from a burial in the Lech River valley, south of Augsburg (Bavaria, Germany), dated to 2024–1882, 2031–1900 and 2465–2300 BC. BC respectively (Bronze Age) [36]. Modern examples: DNK – from Denmark, ESP – from Spain, FIN – from Finland, FRA – from France, GBR – from Great Britain, ITA – from Italy, POL – from Poland, RUS – from Russia, SRB – from Serbia, TUR – from Turkey.

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3. Fig. 2. Geographic distribution of haplogroup H2 in Eurasia [47–69].

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4. Fig. 3. Relationship of the origin of mitochondrial haplogroups of Russkoye Ustye residents with the main waves of settlement of the village. Russkoye Ustye according to the genealogy of maternal clans. Pomors: sub-haplogroups H2a and U2e may be associated with people from Pomorye. Siberian component: C, C4a1a1, C4a2a1, C5a2, D, D4i, F1b, G1b1 and M13a1b. Late migrations: according to the genealogy of maternal clans from West Eurasian lines, only sub-haplogroup U4a2b was definitely associated with late migrations (the USSR period), it is possible that the HV and U4a1 lines may also be associated with late migrations. Zashiversk: sub-haplogroups HV, U2e and U4a1 could have been brought to the Arctic coast of Yakutia both together with the Russian-speaking population of the abolished town of Zashiversk and in subsequent historical periods. Sub-haplogroup HV may be associated not only with the Russian-speaking population, but also with the local autochthonous component, since it was previously discovered in populations of Eastern Siberia [43, 44, 69].

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