Particularities of Hydrolytic Enzymes Pool in Soils of Agricultural Terraces in the Eastern Caucasus

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Abstract

A study of the influence of farming practices in the Middle Ages (X–XV AD) on the activities of 11 hydrolytic enzymes involved in the biogeochemical cycles of basic elements in soils was carried out. Agrostratozems of medieval agricultural terraces of mid-mountain Dagestan (Plaggic and Hortic Anthrosol) were chosen as objects of study. In all cases, the enzymatic activity of the studied soils, in all soil layers, decreased in the following order: alkaline phosphatase > phosphodiesterase > acid phosphatase > pyrophosphatase ≥ leucine aminopeptidase > arylsulfatase > chitinase > β-glucosidase > xylanase > α-glucosidase > cellobiohydrolase. The enzymatic activity of the studied soils was primarily determined by the amount of microbial biomass (Cmic). Thus, the activity of enzymes of various groups depended on Cmic by 61–94%. Agricultural practices associated with ploughing, manuring, and irrigation lead to convergence in the activity of nitrogen cycle enzymes in soils of the mountain zone, which is associated with similar features of the nitrogen cycle in agrogenic soils, regardless of bioclimatic conditions. The addition of organic materials has led to an increase in the physiological efficiency of microbial communities and the rate of enzyme production, and high levels of biological activity can persist in soil for about 1000 years. Ploughing with the application of organic fertilizers in the past led to an increase in enzymatic activity expressed per unit of microbial biomass (specific activity), and therefore this indicator can be used as an indicator of agrogenic transformation of soils in the past.

About the authors

E. V. Chernysheva

Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: e.chernyysheva@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Pushchino

F. Fornasier

Centro di Ricerca Viticoltura ed Enologia; SOLIOMICS

Email: e.chernyysheva@yandex.ru
Italy, Gorizia; Udine

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2. Fig. 1. Location of the study sites. 1 - Gunib key site, 2 - Akusha key site, 3 - Mugi key site, 4 - Djaba key site, 5 - Gotsatl key site

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3. Fig. 2. Canonical correspondence analysis for soil characteristics and hydrolytic enzyme activities of the studied soils

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4. Fig. 3. Clustered heat map of enzymatic activity, Sorg and Smic contents in the studied soils. The actual values of the studied indicators are converted into per cent of the maximum values. (a) absolute enzymatic activity, (b) specific activity. 1 - key site Mugi, 2 - key site Djaba, 3 - key site Akusha, 4 - key site Gunib, key site Gotsatl: 5 - soil of irrigated area, 6 - soil of non-irrigated area

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