Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks and Microbial Activity of Humus Horizon of Loamy Soils after Mass Windthrow in the Broad-Leaved Forest of the Kaluzhskie Zaseki Nature Reserve

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Abstract

The contributions of windthrow and coarse woody debris (deadwood) to soil organic matter dynamics are controversial and poorly understood. At the same time, windthrow is a natural disturbance that is predicted to increase in frequency due to global climate change. This paper assesses the impact of mass windthrow, namely deadwood and gaps in the forest canopy, on the total C and N content and stocks, as well as on the microbial activity of soils on loess-like loams in a multispecies mesic broad-leaved forest. Sod-podzolic and grey soils (Retisols and Luvisols according to WRB classification) were studied on mass windthrow 15 years after the catastrophic event. Soil was sampled from the top 5 cm layer of the A horizon in three biotopes: (1) under the overlying trunk, (2) 50–70 cm from the trunk in a deadwood-free area, and (3) in the background forest surrounding the windthrow site. A series of one-way ANOVAs and the pairwise Games-Howell test were used to assess the effects of tree species identity and three biotopes on content and stock of C and N, C/N, microbial characteristics, pH, soil moisture and bulk density. The content and stocks of C and N, soil microbial activity, and moisture were the highest in the mass windthrow area free of lying trunks. Soil estimates under logs were mostly similar to those of the background forest. Our study showed that on loamy soils, gaps in forest canopy and coarse woody debris following mass windthrow have significant effects on soil characteristics.

About the authors

L. G. Khanina

Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences – a branch of the Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: khanina.larisa@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8937-5938
Russian Federation, Pushchino, 142290

K. V. Ivashchenko

Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science of the Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: khanina.larisa@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8397-158X
Russian Federation, Pushchino, 142290

V. E. Smirnov

Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences – a branch of the Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: khanina.larisa@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4918-3939
Russian Federation, Pushchino, 142290; Moscow, 117997

M. V. Bobrovsky

Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science of the Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: khanina.larisa@gmail.com
Russian Federation, Pushchino, 142290

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3. Fig. 1. Location of the study area (a), scheme of mass windfall sites in the Southern section of the Reserve (b) with the location of the study site (red circle). Photos of the study area in 2007 (c, e) and 2021 (d, f). Photos by M.V. Bobrovsky.

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4. Fig. 2. Correlation matrix for soil characteristics: pH, C, N - carbon and nitrogen content, respectively, C/N ratio, W - soil moisture; Density. - soil density; C and N stock, Cmik - carbon content of microbial biomass, BD - basal respiration of soil, qCO2 - microbial metabolic coefficient. Pearson correlation coefficient values are given in the upper triangle of the matrix: positive values are marked in red, negative values in blue. The strongest correlations are marked in bold. *, ** and *** denote significance levels of 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively. In the lower triangle of the matrix, scatter diagrams with smoothed curve (solid red line) and regression line (dashed blue line) are given.

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