DYNAMICS OF THE BRONZE FOUNDRY PRODUCTION IN THE OB-IRTYSH FOREST-STEPPE IN THE BRONZE AGE

Vyacheslav I. Molodin; Молодин В. И.; Igor A. Durakov; Дураков И. А.; Lilia S. Kobeleva; Кобелева Л. С.

doi:10.31857/S0869606323040141

DYNAMICS OF THE BRONZE FOUNDRY PRODUCTION IN THE OB-IRTYSH FOREST-STEPPE IN THE BRONZE AGE

Authors: Molodin V.I.¹^,2, Durakov I.A.¹, Kobeleva L.S.¹^,2
Affiliations:
1. Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the RAS
2. Tomsk State University
Issue: No 4 (2023)
Pages: 36-49
Section: ARTICLES
URL: https://kld-journal.fedlab.ru/0869-6063/article/view/655728
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869606323040141
EDN: https://elibrary.ru/YHSSXW
ID: 655728

Cite item

Full Text

Open Access
Restricted Access

Access granted
Restricted Access

Subscription Access

Abstract
About the authors
References
Supplementary files
Statistics

Abstract

The paper traces through several consecutive periods of the development of bronze foundry production in the Ob-Irtysh interfluve during the Bronze Age. At the first stage, copper-bronze products appeared in the area as imports. The local foundry emerged no earlier than the beginning of the III millennium BC on the sites of the Odino and Krotovo cultures. At that time, the technological base was being formed, including thermal facilities and developed foundry equipment (crucibles, ladles, molds, and nozzles). This process is largely synchronized with the emergence and development of Seima-Turbino technologies in the Ob-Irtysh forest-steppe. A sharp change in this line of development was taking place since the beginning of the II millennium BC as a result of increasing expansion of the Andronovo (Fyodorovo) population. Their arrival led to the modification of part of the production process associated with the metal melting (hearths and crucibles). At the same time, it should be noted that all molding processes have retained the features of local foundry production developed by the Krotovo people. The production technology developed as a result of this synthesis formed the basis for the foundry of the Irmen culture in the Late Bronze Age. A sharp change in a number of production techniques occurred only at the end of that period and is associated with the penetration of the Ural-Kazakhstan production traditions into western regions of the Baraba forest-steppe.

Keywords

Western Siberia, the Bronze Age, bronze foundry, the Odino, Krotovo, Andronovo (Fyodorovo), and Irmen cultures.

References

Bel’tikova G.V., 1981. On the Trans-Ural metallurgy of the 7th–3rd centuries BC. Voprosy arkheologii Urala [Issues of the Urals archaeology]. Sverdlovsk: Ural’skiy gos. univ., pp. 118–125. (In Russ.)
Bochkarev B.C., 1978. Burials of foundry masters of the Bronze Age (methodological revision). Problemy arkheologii [Problems of archaeology], 2. Leningrad: Nauka, pp. 48–53. (In Russ.)
Chernikov S.S., 1956. On the activities of the East Kazakhstan expedition. Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta istorii material’noy kul’tury [Brief Communications of the Institute for the History of Material Culture], 64, pp. 43–60. (In Russ.)
Chernykh E.N., Kuz’minykh S.V., 1989. Drevnyaya metallurgiya Severnoy Evrazii (seiminsko-turbinskiy fenomen) [Ancient metallurgy of Northern Eurasia (the Seima-Turbino phenomenon)]. Moscow: Nauka. 320 p.
Chlenova H.L., 1955. On the Bronze Age cultures in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia. Sovetskaya arkheologiya [Soviet archaeology], XXIII, pp. 38–57. (In Russ.)
Durakov I.A., Kobeleva L.S., 2017. Technical ceramics of the Krotovo culture of Central Baraba. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Istoriya [Bulletin of Tomsk State University. History], 49, pp. 23–25. (In Russ.)
Durakov I.A., Molodin V.I., Grishin A.E., 2020. Foundry of the Odinovo culture (based on materials from the Tartas-1 burial ground). Problemy arkheologii, etnografii i antropologii Sibiri i sopredel’nykh territoriy [Problems of archaeology, ethnography and anthropology of Siberia and adjacent territories], XXVI. Novosibirsk: Institut arkheologii i etnografii SO RAN, pp. 405–413. (In Russ.)
Durakov I.A., Myl’nikova L.N., 2020. Production sites at the Early Bronze Age settlement of Stary Tartas-5 (Baraba forest-steppe). Arkheologiya, etnografiya i antropologiya Evrazii [Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia], vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 84–94. (In Russ.)
Durakov I.A., Myl’nikova L.N., 2021. Na zare metallurgii: Bronzoliteynoe proizvodstvo naseleniya Ob’-Irtyshskoy lesostepi v epokhi ranney bronzy [At the dawn of metallurgy: Bronze-casting production of the population of the Ob-Irtysh forest-steppe in the Early Bronze Age]. Novosibirsk: Institut arkheologii i etnografii SO RAN. 203 p.
Korochkova O.N., 2022. Burials of moulders in the Urals and Western Siberia. Stratum plus, 2, pp. 63–81. (In Russ.)
Kovaleva V.T., 1997. Vzaimodeystvie kul’tur i etnosov po materialam arkheologii. Poselenie Tashkovo II [Interaction of cultures and ethnic groups based on archaeological materials. The settlement of Tashkovo II]. Ekaterinburg: Ural’skiy gos. univ. 130 p.
Kovaleva V.T., Ryzhkova O.V., Shamanaev A.V., 2000. Tashkovskaya kul’tura: poselenie Andreevskoe Ozero XIII [The Tashkovo culture: Andreevskoye Ozero XIII settlement]. Ekaterinburg: Ural’skiy gos. univ. 160 p.
Krivtsova-Grakova O.A., 1948. The Alekseevskoye settlement and burial ground. Arkheologicheskiy sbornik [Archaeological collection]. Moscow: Gos. istoricheskiy muzey, pp. 59–172. (Trudy Gosudarstvennogo istoricheskogo muzeya, XVII). (In Russ.)
Kuz’minykh S.V., 2011. Metal products. Satyga XVI: seyminsko-turbinskiy mogil’nik v taezhnoy zone Zapadnoy Sibiri [Satyga XVI: a Seima-Turbino burial ground in the taiga zone of Western Siberia]. Ekaterinburg: Ural’skiy rabochiy, pp. 32–36. (In Russ.)
Matveev A.V., 1993. Irmenskaya kul’tura v lesostepnom Priob’e [The Irmen culture in the forest-steppe Ob region]. Novosibirsk: Nauka. 181 p.
Matyushchenko V.I., Sinitsyna G.V., 1988. Mogil’nik u derevni Rostovka vblizi Omska [A burial ground at the village of Rostovka near Omsk]. Tomsk: Tomskiy gos. univ. 135 p.
Molodin V.I., 1977. Epokha neolita i bronzy lesostepnogo Ob’-Irtysh’ya [The Neolithic and Bronze Age of the forest-steppe Ob-Irtysh region]. Novosibirsk: Nauka. 174 p.
Molodin V.I., 1983. A burial of a founder in the Sopka-2 burial ground. Drevnie gornyaki i metallurgi Sibiri [Ancient miners and metallurgists of Siberia]. Yu.F. Kiryushin, ed. Barnaul: Altayskiy gos. univ., pp. 96–109. (In Russ.)
Molodin V.I., 2001. Pamyatnik Sopka-2 na reke Omi [The site of Sopka-2 on the Om River], 1. Kul’turno-khronologicheskiy analiz pogrebal’nykh kompleksov epokhi neolita i rannego metalla [Cultural and chronological analysis of Neolithic and Early Metal Age burial complexes]. Novosibirsk: Institut arkheologii i etnografii SO RAN. 128 p.
Molodin V.I., 2011. Migration of the bearers of the Andronovo cultural and historical community to the Baraba forest-steppe. Drevnee iskusstvo v zerkale arkheologii: k 70-letiyu D.G. Savinova [Ancient art in the mirror of archaeology: To the 70th anniversary of D.G. Savinov]. Kemerovo: Kuzbassvuzizdat, pp. 58–69. (Trudy Sibirskoy Assotsiatsii issledovateley pervobytnogo iskusstva, VII). (In Russ.)
Molodin V.I., 2013. Seima-Turbino bronzes in the “closed” complexes of the Odino culture (Baraba forest-steppe). Fundamental’nye problemy arkheologii, antropologii i etnografii [Fundamental issues of archaeology, anthropology and ethnography]. V.I. Molodin, M.V. Shun’kov, eds. Novosibirsk: Institut arkheologii i etnografii SO RAN, pp. 309–324. (In Russ.)
Molodin V.I., 2014. On the late Krotovo (Chernoozero) culture (Irtysh forest-steppe). Arkheologiya, etnografiya i antropologiya Evrazii [Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia], 1, pp. 49–54. (In Russ.)
Molodin V.I., Durakov I.A., 2021. Bronze casting complex of the Odino settlement Markovo-2. Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Istoriya, filologiya [Vestnik of Novosibirsk State University. Series: History and Philology], vol. 20, no. 3. Arkheologiya i etnografiya, pp. 57–65. (In Russ.)
Molodin V.I., Durakov I.A., Kobeleva L.S., 2018. Burials with bronze-casting equipment of the Andronovo Fyodorovo burial ground of Tartas-1 (Central Baraba). Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Istoriya [Bulletin of Tomsk State University. History], 56, pp. 129–137. (In Russ.)
Molodin V.I., Durakov I.A., Myl’nikova L.N., Nesterova M.S., 2012. The Krotovo production complex at the settlement of Vengerovo-2 (Baraba forest-steppe). Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Istoriya, filologiya [Vestnik of Novosibirsk State University. Series: History and Philology], vol. 11, iss. 5. Arkheologiya i etnografiya [Archaeology and ethnography], pp. 104–119. (In Russ.)
Molodin V.I., Durakov I.A., Myl’nikova L.N., Nesterova M.S., 2018. Adaptation of the Seima-Turbino tradition in the Bronze Age cultures in the south of the West Siberian Plain. Arkheologiya, etnografiya i antropologiya Evrazii [Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia], vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 49–58. (In Russ.)
Molodin V.I., Grishin A.E., 2016. Pamyatnik Sopka-2 na reke Omi [The Sopka-2 site on the Om River], 4. Kul’turno-khronologicheskiy analiz pogrebal’nykh kompleksov krotovskoy kul’tury [Cultural and chronological analysis of the Krotovo burial complexes]. Novosibirsk: Institut arkheologii i etnografii SO RAN. 452 p.
Molodin V.I., Myl’nikova L.N., Durakov I.A., 2022. The influence of the Seima-Turbino phenomenon on the bronze casting production of the Siberian population during the Bronze Age. Ural’skiy istoricheskiy vestnik [Ural historical journal], 4 (77), pp. 29–40. (In Russ.)
Molodin V.I., Myl’nikova L.N., Durakov I.A., Borzykh K.A., Selin D.V., Nesterova M.S., Kovyrshina Yu.N., 2015. Manifestation of the Seima-Turbino phenomenon at the Krotovo settlement of Vengerovo-2 (Baraba forest-steppe). Problemy arkheologii, etnografii, antropologii Sibiri i sopredel’nykh territoriy [Problems of archaeology, ethnography, anthropology of Siberia and adjacent territories], XXI. Novosibirsk: Institut arkheologii i etnografii SO RAN, pp. 321–325. (In Russ.)
Molodin V.I., Myl’nikova L.N., Durakov I.A., Kobeleva L.S., 2008. Cultural affiliation of the Chicha-1 fortified settlement (based on the statistical-planigraphic study of ceramic complexes). Trudy II (XVIII) Vserossiyskogo arkheologicheskogo s"ezda v Suzdale [Works of the II (XVIII) All-Russian archaeological congress in Suzdal], 1. A.P. Derevyanko, N.A. Makarov, eds. Moscow: Institut arkheologii RAN, pp. 425–430. (In Russ.)
Molodin V.I., Myl’nikova L.N., Durakov I.A., Kobeleva L.S., 2012. Statistical and planigraphic study of ceramic complexes from reference sites of the transitional period from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age (the southeastern forest-steppe of Western Siberia). Arkheologiya, etnografiya i antropologiya Evrazii [Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia], 3 (51), pp. 38–58. (In Russ.)
Myl’nikova L.N., Durakov I.A., 2008. Production site of the Berezovy Ostrov-1 settlement. Etnokul’turnye protsessy v Verkhnem Priob’e i sopredel’nykh regionakh v kontse epokhi bronzy [Ethnic and cultural processes in the Upper Ob region and adjacent territories at the end of the Bronze Age]. A.B. Shamshin, ed. Barnaul: Kontsept, pp. 56–68. (In Russ.)
Nesterova M.S., 2019. Ochazhnye ustroystva v epokhu paleometalla (Zapadnaya Sibir’) [Hearth facilities in the Palaeometal Age (Western Siberia)]. Novosibirsk: Institut arkheologii i etnografii SO RAN. 271 p.
Potemkina T.M., 1985. Bronzovyy vek lesostepnogo Pritobol’ya [The Bronze Age of the forest-steppe Tobol region]. Moscow: Nauka. 376 p.
Sal’nikov K.V., 1957. The Kipel settlement. Sovetskaya arkheologiya [Soviet archaeology], XXVII, pp. 193–208. (In Russ.)
Sidorov E.A., Novikova O.I., 2004. Unpublished materials from the settlement of Milovanovo-3. Aridnaya zona yuga Zapadnoy Sibiri v epokhu bronzy [Arid zone of the south of Western Siberia in the Bronze Age]. Yu.F. Kiryushin, ed. Barnaul: Izdatel’stvo Altayskogo gos. univ., pp. 104–124. (In Russ.)
Stefanova N.K., 1988. The Krotovo culture in the Middle Irtysh region. Material’naya kul’tura drevnego naseleniya Urala i Zapadnoy Sibiri [Material culture of the ancient population of the Urals and Western Siberia]. Sverdlovsk: Ural’skiy gos. univ., pp. 53–75. (Voprosy arkheologii Urala, 19). (In Russ.)
Zakh V.A., 1997. Epokha bronzy Prisalair’ya (po materialam Izylinskogo arkheologicheskogo mikrorayona) [The Bronze Age of the Salair area (based on the materials of the Izylinka archaeological microdistrict)]. Novosibirsk: Nauka. 132 p.