Materials for the substantiation of the hygienic standard of microcystin-LR in water of water objects

Capa

Citar

Texto integral

Resumo

Introduction. The growth of the anthropogenic pollution of water bodies and the regulation of river flow has led to an almost universal intensification of eutrophication of water bodies, which contributes to the mass development (“blooming “) in the summer cyanobacteria – blue-green algae. The main danger of “ blooming “ is the ability of cyanobacteria to produce toxins to adversely affect human health, among which hepatotoxin microcystin-LR takes the first place in prevalence and toxicity. To date, microcystin-LR in drinking water is regulated by WHO and 22 States, but in Russia, microcystin-LR in water is not standardized. The purpose of this work is to substantiate the MAC of microcystin–LR in water of water bodies and drinking water of the Russian Federation.

Material and methods. The data of the world practice of the toxicity assessment of microcystin-LR, including the acute and chronic effects of microcystin-LR on animals and humans in natural conditions; the results of the study of acute, subacute and chronic toxic effects, effects on reproductive function, mutagenic, genotoxic and carcinogenic effects in experiments on laboratory animals were analyzed. The methodology of substantiation and harmonization of hygienic standards of substances in water was used. 

Results. Analysis of the information about the toxic effect of microcystin-LR, the experience of WHO and 22 countries on the regulation of its permissible content in water, as well as domestic experience of justification and harmonization of hygienic standards makes it possible to recommend the MAC microcystin-LR in water of water bodies and drinking water at the level of 0.001 mg/l marked “k” (carcinogen), 1st hazard class, limiting harmfulness index – sanitary-toxicological.

Discussion. The results of the study showed that to justify the MAC of microcystin-LR in water, one index of harmfulness is sufficient – sanitary-toxicological, the study of the effect on organoleptic and general sanitary indices is not advisable because of the specific properties of the toxin.

Conclusion. In the conditions of non-decreasing pollution of water bodies with cyanotoxins of blue-green algae, the introduction of MAC microcystin-LR will be important for the prevention of its adverse effects on public health.

Sobre autores

Nataliya Egorova

Centre for Strategic Planning, Russian Ministry of Health

Autor responsável pela correspondência
Email: tussy@list.ru
ORCID ID: 0000-0001-6751-6149

MD, Ph.D., DSci., a leading researcher of the laboratory of hygiene of drinking water supply and water biophysics of the Centre for Strategic Planning, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.

e-mail: tussy@list.ru

Rússia

N. Kuz

Centre for Strategic Planning, Russian Ministry of Health; Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in Moscow

Email: noemail@neicon.ru
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-7573-0185
Rússia

O. Sinitsyna

All-Russian Research Institute of Railway Hygiene of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Customer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing

Email: noemail@neicon.ru
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-0241-0690
Rússia

Bibliografia

  1. Bakaev A.V., Bakaeva E.N., Ignatova N.A. “Blooming” blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) – a variety of emergency situations in reservoirs. Engineering Journal of Don. 2012; (4-2): 144 (in Russian).
  2. Bakaeva E.N., Ignatova N.A. Water quality of the Tsimlyansk reservoir dam in conditions of blue-green algae blossoming. Global Nuclear Safety. 2013; (1): 23-8. (in Russian).
  3. Cyanobacterial toxins: microcystin-LR in drinking water. Beckground document for development of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality. WHO; 2003.
  4. Chorus I., Bartram J., eds. Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management. WHO; 1999.
  5. Voloshko L.N., Pinevich A.V. Diversity of cyanobacterial toxins. Astrakhan Bulletin for Environmental Education. 2014; (1): 68-80. (in Russian).
  6. Rumjancev V.A., Krjukov L.N., Pozdnjakov Sh.R., Zhukovskij A.V. Cyanobacterial water «bloom»– the source of the environmental management problems and the stimulus of innovation in Russia. Terra Humana. 2011; (2): 222-8. (in Russian).
  7. Buratti F.M., Manganelli M., Vichi S., Stefanelli M., Scardala S., Testai E., Funari E. Cyanotoxins: producing organisms, occurrence, toxicity, mechanism of action and human health toxicological risk evaluation. Arch Toxicol. 2017; 91(3): 1049–1130.
  8. Rumjancev V.A., Krjukov L.N. Particular Issues Associated with Blue-Green Algae. Terra Humana. 2012; (1): 232-8. (in Russian).
  9. Voloshko L.N., Kopecky J., Hrouzek P. Toxical water blooms produced by cyanobateria in the Krasnoe lake (Leningrad region, Russia). Astrakhan Bulletin for Environmental Education. 2014; (2): 24-6. (in Russian).
  10. Bernard C., Ballot A., Thomazeau S., Maloufi S., Furey A., MankiewiczBoczek J., Pawlik-Skowronska B., Capelli C., Salmaso N. Cyanobacteria associated with the production of cyanotoxins. In: Meriluoto J, Spoof L, Codd GA (eds) Handbook of cyanobacterial monitoring and cyanotoxin analysis. Wiley, Chichester; 2017:501–525. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119068761
  11. Current approaches to Cyanotoxin risk assessment, risk management and regulations in different countries. Compiled and edited by Dr. I. Chorus Federal Environment Agency, Germany. UMWELTBUNDESAMT. 63/2012. Available at: http://www.uba.de/uba-info-medien-e/4390.html
  12. Guidelines for drinking-water quality - 4th ed. WHO, 2011. 541 p.
  13. Rumjancev V.A., Krjukov L.N. Particular Issues Associated with Blue-Green Algae. Terra Humana. 2012; (2): 221-7. (in Russian).
  14. Voloshko L.N. Cyanobacterial toxins and others bioactive compounds in water bodies of the Leningrad region. Astrakhan Bulletin for Environmental Education. 2016; (1); 28-35. (in Russian).
  15. Drinking Water Health Advisory for the Cyanobacterial Microcystin Toxins. EPA Document Number: 820R15100 Date: June 15, 2015.
  16. Krasovskij G.N., Egorova T.A., Bykov I.I. Methodology of harmonization of hygienic standards of substances in water and its implementation in the improvement of water and sanitary legislation. Vestnik RAMN. 2006; (4): 32-6. (in Russian)
  17. Rahmanin Ju.A., Krasovskij G.N., Egorova N.A., Mihajlova R.I. Harmonization of hygienic standards for chemical substances in water. Methods of conformity assessment [Metody ocenki sootvetstvija]. 2013; (4): 14-8. (in Russian).
  18. Svirčev Z., Drobac D., Tokodi N., Mijovic´ B., Codd G.A., Meriluoto J. Toxicology of microcystins with reference to cases of human intoxications and epidemiological investigations of exposures to cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins. Arch Toxicol. 2017; 91: 621–650.
  19. Jochimsen EM, Carmichael WW, An J, Cardo DM, Cookson ST, Holmes CEM, DeC Antunes MB et al. Liver failure and death after exposure to Microcystin at a hemodialysis center in Brazil. N Engl J Med. 1998; 338: 873–8.
  20. Carmichael W.W., Azevedo S.M., An J.S., Molica R.J.R., Jochimsen E. M., Lau S., Rinehart K.L., Shaw G.R., and Eaglesham G.K. Human Fatalities from Cyanobacteria: Chemical and Biological Evidence for Cyanotoxins. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001; 109 (7): 663-8.
  21. Giannuzzi L, Sedan D, Echenique R, Andrinolo D. An acute case of intoxication with cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in recreational water in Salto Grande Dam, Argentina. Mar Drugs. 2011; 9(11): 2164-75. https://doi.org/10.3390/md9112164
  22. Yu S.Z. Primary prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1995; 10(6):674–682. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.1995.tb01370.x
  23. Zhou L., Yu H., Chen K. Relationship between microcystin in drinking water and colorectal cancer. Biomed Environ Sci. 2002;15(2): 166-71.
  24. Zheng C., Zeng H., Lin H., Wang J., Feng X., Qiu Z., et al. Serum microcystin levels positively linked with risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: A case-control study in southwest China. Hepatology. 2017; 66 (5): 1519-1528. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.29310
  25. Chen J, Xie P, Li L, Xu J. First identification of the hepatotoxic microcystins in the serum of a chronically exposed human population together with indication of hepatocellular damage. Toxicol Sci. 2009;108(1): 81-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfp009
  26. Li Y., Chen J.A., Zhao Q., Pu C., Qiu Z., Zhang R., Shu W. A cross-sectional investigation of chronic exposure to microcystin in relationship to childhood liver damage in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, China. Environ Health Perspect. 2011 Oct; 119 (10): 1483-8. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.100241
  27. Lin H., Liu W., Zeng H., Pu C., Zhang R., Qiu Z., et al. Determination of environmental exposure to microcystin and aflatoxin as a risk for renal function based on 5493 rural people in southwest China. Environ Sci Technol. 2016; 50 (10): 5346-56. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b01062
  28. Zegura B. An Overview of the Mechanisms of Microcystin-LR Genotoxicity and Potential Carcinogenicity. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2016; 16 (13): 1042-62.
  29. Valério E, Vasconcelos V, Campos A. New Insights on the Mode of Action of Microcystins in Animal Cells - A Review. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2016;16 (13): 1032-41.
  30. Kleppe R., Herfindal L., Døskeland SO. Cell Death Inducing Microbial Protein Phosphatase Inhibitors–Mechanisms of Action. Mar Drugs. 2015 Oct 22;13(10):6505-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13106505
  31. Fawell JK, Mitchell RE, Everett DJ, Hill RE. The toxicity of cyanobacterial toxins in the mouse: I. Microcystin–LR. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1999, 18:162–167.
  32. Li X., Xu L., Zhou W., Zhao Q., Wang Y. Chronic exposure to microcystin-LR affected mitochondrial DNA maintenance and caused pathological changes of lung tissue in mice. Environ Pollut. 2016 Mar; 210:48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.001
  33. Wang C, Gu S, Yin X, Yuan M, Xiang Z, Li Z, Cao H et al. The toxic effects of microcystin-LR on mouse lungs and alveolar type II epithelial cells. Toxicon. 2016 Jun 1; 115:81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.03.007
  34. Wu J., Yuan M., Song Y., Sun F., Han X. MC-LR exposure leads to subfertility of female mice and induces oxidative stress in granulosa cells. Toxins (Basel). 2015; 7(12):5212–5223. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7124872
  35. Chen Y., Xu J., Li Y., Han X. Decline of sperm quality and testicular function in male mice during chronic low-dose exposure to microcystin-LR. Reproductive Toxicology. 2011; 31(4):551–7.
  36. Dias E., Louro H., Pinto M., Santos T., Antunes S., Pereira P., Silva M.J. Genotoxicity of microcystin-LR in in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Biomed Res Int. 2014; 2014:949521. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/949521
  37. Zegura B, Gajski G, Straser A, Garaj-Vrhovac V, Filipič M. Microcystin-LR induced DNA damage in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Mutat Res. 2011 Dec 24;726(2):116-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.10.002
  38. Australian Drinking Water Guidelines 6 NHMRC, NRMMC, 2011.
  39. Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Supporting Documentation Cyanobacterial Toxins Microcystin-LR. Health Canada; 2002.
  40. Health Based Guidance for Water Toxicological Summary for: Microcystin-LR. MDH Minnesota Department of Health; 2015 Available at: http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/risk/guidance/gw/microcystin.pdf
  41. Sinitsyna O.O., Krasovskij G.N., Zholdakova Z.I. Criteria for threshold action of chemicals polluting various environmental objects. Vestnik RAMN. 2003; (3):17-23. (in Russian).

Arquivos suplementares

Arquivos suplementares
Ação
1. JATS XML
Baixar

Declaração de direitos autorais © Egorova N.A., Kuz N.V., Sinitsyna O.O., 2024


СМИ зарегистрировано Федеральной службой по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций (Роскомнадзор).
Регистрационный номер и дата принятия решения о регистрации СМИ: серия ПИ № ФС 77 - 37884 от 02.10.2009.