卷 97, 编号 6 (2018)

The requirement concerning the implementation of the research in the extreme soil-climatic conditions promoting the maximum migration in environments contacting to the soil (water, air, plants), and also providing most their intensive impact on processes of self-cleaning and a soil microbiocenosis is one of the basic provisions of the theory of hygienic rating of active ingredients of pesticides in the soil. For the creation of extreme conditions, the experiment is carried out on the sandy soil possessing the maximum filtering, minimal sorbing and absorbing ability. The observance of a principle of extremeness is provided with executing the research at microclimatic parameters (temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation), pesticides promoting the maximum migration on contacting media and the use in the experiment of plants concentrators creating a considerable margin of the safety in hygienic rating. All investigations are carried out in the standard and comparable soil and microclimatic conditions with the use of the uniform simulating standard modeling soil standard based on the constant granulometric and physical-chemical structure of the sandy soil and uniform microclimatic parameters. By analogy to a rating of active ingredients of pesticides in water of reservoirs, atmospheric air, etc., studies are carried out not in natural surroundings, but only in uniform comparable with experimental conditions on laboratory modeling installations. On the basis of the established threshold concentration on migratory water, migratory air, translocation and all-sanitary indices of harm there is chosen the limiting one, on which maximum concentration level is established. Established maximum concentration limits of active ingredients of pesticides in the soil are the uniform in size for any soil-climatic conditions. On the established uniform maximum concentration limit of active ingredient of pesticide in the soil if necessary it can be determined the regional maximum concentration limit for conditions of the concrete soil and climatic region. In the calculation of this size, there are considered leading factors: temperature, humidity of the soil, maintenance of a hummus, рН, porosity, bacterial load, etc. The factors characterizing the influence of these factors on processes of migration and a detoxication of active ingredients of pesticides were found on the basis of the research have been carried out on natural samples of the soil of this region.

Introduction. The study of the character of reactions of lipid peroxidation, as well as the state of the antioxidant system regulating their course under the conditions of the action of chemical products on the body, is an important stage of investigations. There is not enough data on the development of oxidative stress in cells exposed to pesticides, and this concerns, first of all, studies of the activity of antioxidant enzymes.

The aim of the study is to execute the experimental assessment of the influence of a surface active substances (SAS)  on the basis of the rape oil on antioxidant status of white male rats during its multiple peroral intakes for 6 months in doses of 0.5, 5.0 and 50.0 mg/kg body weight (on a.s.).

Material and methods. Studies on the determination of enzymatic indices of the body's antioxidant defense system (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase) were performed on a ChemWell biochemical analyzer (Awareness Technology, USA) with the use of diagnostic reagent kits by Randox Laboratories Ltd (England). The catalase activity was determined by the colorimetric method.

Results. Under the prolonged action of surfactants on warm-blooded organisms, changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes were established to occur in doses of 5,0 and 50,0 mg/kg b.m.

Discussion. The test substance used in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg bm does not have an inhibitory effect on the antioxidant status of the organism. The use of a surfactant based on rapeseed oil at doses of 5.0 and 50.0 mg/kg mt has a negative effect on the antioxidant status of an organism of male rats.

Conclusion. Surfactants based on rapeseed oil in doses of 5.0 and 500 mg/kg b.m. have a negative effect on the antioxidant status of an organism of male rats, which is probably due to the high content of erucic acid and glucosinolates in rapeseed oil.

Introduction. The antidote of chloroquinoline derivative contains in the stuff of selective, post-emergence herbicide of systemic action against a broad spectrum of annual cereals weeds for one-time ground handings of spring and winter weed crops. Cultural cereals are protected by the presence of the antidote chlorhinoline derivative in the preparation.

The aim of the study. To investigate the exploring chronic influence of the antidote chloroquinoline derivative in its multiple entering warm-blooded organisms (male rats) for finding out the kind of the biological influence, active and non-active doses, were conducted.

Material and methods. White rats were used in the acute experiments (6 animals per group). Doses of 1000-7000 mg/kg were tested. The chronic experiment was executed on 80 rats. Doses of 0.4; 4.0 and 40 mg/kg were tested. The estimation of the animals behavior, food, and water consumption, terms of animals death was fixed, alterations in body weight, physiological, biochemical and hematological indices were registered in the experiment were conducted.

Results. The evaluation of general behavior of animals received antidote in dose of 40.0 mg/kg gave such a result as the deviation in such indices as behavior responses and SPP, analysis of hematological and biochemical tests showed the alteration in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism; aminoalkyl metabolism; anaerobic glycolic to take place in animals’organisms.

Conclusion. Indices of the acute peroral toxicity of antidote LD50 in male rats, peroral: 4349 ± 840 mg/kg b.w. hazard class — 4 according to hygienic pesticide classification on hazard class (SanPin 1.2.2584-10) were established. 2. Active 40,0 mg/kg and non-active (NOELch) 4,0 mg/kg the dose was established. 3. The admissible day dose (ADD) for a human of 0.04 mg/kg b.w. was justified.

Harmful effects of the increased dust content in the air on working sites and the population are one of the current problems of the current time and demand realization of more effective measures of the prevention of risks to health. Professional pathology of respiratory organs of employees of dust professions still remains the main in the structure of occupational diseases. The research conducted by us at one of large iron and steel plant of the country have shown the high professional risk to the health of workers exposed to aerosols (17.19‱). 75% of all cases of professional pathology fell to the share of occupational diseases of respiratory organs. Data of the analysis of the morbidity with temporary disability records testified about very high (Wi^Δ> 3) or high (Wi^Δ = 2.0-3.0) direct epidemiological risk of exacerbations of chronic diseases of the lungs and pneumonia noted in shops with the primary influence of aerosols of condensation. Whereas in production with prevalence in the soaring dust of aerosols of disintegration Wi^Δ = 1.0-2.0 recently the increasing relevance is acquired by fine particles, including — the nanoparticles differing in special physical and chemical characteristics and impact on biological structures including the human body. For the assessment of the potential danger of the aerosol particles to health working and the population there isn’t enough knowledge of dispersing composition of the dust soaring in air, and it is necessary to know the inhaled fraction, i.e. a mass fraction of all weighed particles in air which are inhaled through a nose or a mouth and also -the major area of their sedimentation in airways of the person. In our country, there are performed numerous epidemiological investigations devoted to the studying of the influence of the weighed particles (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) on the population that has formed the basis for the development of domestic hygienic standards and control methods. The recommendations focused on the separate accounting of mass of the soaring and inhaled particles for more effective protection of the health of workers of dust professions are proved.

Introduction. The main source of pesticides entrance to the air is the treatment of crops, seeds, forest areas, and other environmental objects. Pesticides enter the air with the soil dust during wind erosion and harvesting operations. A significant number of them enter atmospheric dust areas, where the intensive chemical treatment is practiced. In most of the cases, the system of soil-atmospheric air is the first link, by which pesticides are entered, as a result of the first demolition of preparations during their application, as well as a result of processes of vaporation and evaporation from the surface of the soil, plants, water basins, etc. Along with atmospheric flows, contained in the air, the pesticides can be transported for long distances.The aim of this research is the obtaining of the reasonable threshold concentration of the pesticide in the soil by this index of hazard. By the threshold, concentration is implied the amount of pesticide in the soil (mg/kg of the absolutely dry soil), where the entrance the compounds into the atmospheric air is not accompanied by the increase of its average daily maximum permissible concentration (MPC).

Material and methods. In the tasks of the experimental studies, the results of which are introduced in the article there were included the investigations of the migration-air index of harm, rated to the active substance of the pesticide referred to the derivatives of aryloxychromones acids. A migration-air index of the hazard characterizes migration processes (with soil dust, evaporation, co-evaporation with water vapors, etc.) of pesticide from the soil to atmospheric air.

Results. The resulting value is necessary for the subsequent selection of limiting index of hazard, considering all the indices (translocation, migration, and water, sanitary), determining the MPC pesticide in the soil. The studies were carried out in standard conditions and, therefore, comparable soil and microclimate conditions using a special microclimate chamber. The method of laboratory modeling is a required step in the normalization of pesticides in the soil.

The article presents scientific evidence showing the role of extraaural manifestations in the course of professional sensorineural hearing loss in workers exposed to industrial noise. The leading place in the structure of concomitant pathology is occupied by circulatory diseases (44-75%), which have an average degree of professional conditionality, among which arterial hypertension dominates. A high percentage of people with high blood pressure is noted among underground miners (46.7%), mechanical engineering workers (45.5%). Diseases of the cardiovascular system potentiate the effect of noise and contribute to the earlier formation and progression of hearing loss, its progredient course, increase the risk of the occupational hearing loss. Changes in indices of central hemodynamics in the course of work can be considered as a universal adaptive response of the body to the exposure of environmental factors. Changes in the indices of the functional state of the cardiovascular system are combined with disorders of lipid metabolism, with an increase in the degree of exertion of regulatory systems and a decrease in the functional reserves of the body as the professional experience increases.

Introduction. Vibration in conjunction with an unfavorable microclimate and physical stress, acting on mining workers, can lead to the development of pathology of the musculoskeletal system with the violation of bone metabolism and the formation of the osteopenic syndrome. The results of epidemiological studies indicate a high prevalence of osteoporosis among persons of working age.

The purpose of the study was to study the effect of the general and local vibration on the state of bone remodeling processes in workers of vibration-hazardous occupations.

Material and methods. Two groups of patients with vibration disease were examined. The first group consisted of 53 cases working in the contact with local vibration. The second group included 52 workers exposed to combined effects of the general and local vibration. The condition of the osteoarticular apparatus was determined by means of by X-ray examination and ultrasonic osteodensitometry. Laboratory studies included the evaluation of indices of mineral metabolism and bone tissue metabolism.

Results. Osteochondrosis of the spine was revealed in 54.7% and 69.2%, osteopenia of the spine – 17.0% and 21.2%, arthrosis of the joints of the hands – 64.2% and 57.7% in the patients of the first and second groups, respectively. The prevalence rate of bone-dystrophic changes depends on the stage of the vibration disease and increases as the disease progresses. There were established interrelations of clinical functional and clinical laboratory indices with the trainee exposure of industrial vibration in terms of bone mineral density (T and Z criteria) (r = 0.56), biochemical markers of bone formation (r = -0.62-0.70) and bone resorption (r = 0.72-0.85). Biochemical markers of the osteopenic syndrome in the vibration disease are bone formation (osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase) and bone resorption (ionized calcium, calcium/creatinine).

Discussion. The obtained results served as a basis for developing a system of preventive measures of bone-dystrophic disorders in persons with vibration dangerous occupations.

Introduction. This paper presents the results of a study determination of neonicotinoids’ residues (thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin) in imported food products (bananas, citrus fruits, tea, and coffee-beans) using tandem liquid-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) of the last generation, ionization source, ESI (positive ionization mode). The mode of the MRM with two parent-ion transitions was used for the identification (for quantitative calculation and confirmation for an ionic ratio).

Material and methods. The sample preparation procedure was performed on the QuEChERS technology, including extraction, centrifugation, purification dispersion solid-phase extraction, repeated centrifugation. The acetonitrile acidified by acetic acid (1%) was used for extractions from samples of bananas, coffee, and tea, samples of a citrus subjected extractions with acetonitrile. At the extraction stage to the samples of coffee beans and tea, related to products with a low moisture content, water was added in an amount 2 or more times exceeding the mass of the sample.

Results. The LLOQ of a thiamethoxam and its metabolite of a clothianidin in the fruits of bananas and citrus fruits — 0.01 ppm, tea — 0.05 ppm and coffee beans — 0.02 ppm, with a signal-to-noise ratio equal to 226:1 (thiamethoxam) and 16:1 (clothianidin). The recovery of the extraction, determined from the analysis of model samples with the fortification of substances at four levels on the range of the detected contents, accounтеd for 90-100%, the RSD of repeatability varied in the range of 5.7-8.4%.

Introduction. In this paper, there are presented results of investigations on the  development and validation of the method for the determination of dicamba residues in import foodstuff (soybeans). The identification and quantitative determination of dicamba are performed by capillary gas-liquid chromatography with mass-selective detection (ionization-electron impact).

Material and methods. The stages of sample preparation include four steps as extraction with acidified acetonitrile, followed by the filtration and evaporation; freezing  the sample with filtration and evaporation; dissolving the dry residue in a mixture of acetone: water (1:20); purification by repeated redistribution in a system of immiscible solvents under varying the pH of the aqueous medium (pH 9-10: dichloromethane, hexane, pH 2: hexane-tert-butyl methyl ether). The chromatographic measurement was preceded by the derivatization of the acid to the corresponding methyl ester by the treatment with a solution of diazomethane in diethyl ether.

Results. The lower limit of the quantitative evaluation of dicamba in samples of soybean beans is of 0.01 mg/kg, the signal-to-noise ratio at the detection limit accounts of 20:1. The completeness of extraction of dicamba, established on the basis of analysis of model samples with the introduction of a substance at four points within the defined range, amounted to 85-95%. The average quadratic deviation of the repetition varies in the range of 3.3-4.9%.

Discussion. The use of diethyl ether containing dibutylhydroxytoluene (6 ppm) as a stabilizer, as well as the interfering effect of phthalates,  led to the formation of poorly resolved peaks of the methyl ester of dicamba, dibutylhydroxytoluene, and dibutyl phthalate. The combination of the use of different methods of data collection (in the scanning mode and in the mode of recording individual ions) made it possible to identify these components. Replacement of the used diethyl ether, as well as variation of chromatographic conditions, for separation of dicamba and phthalate peaks, made it possible to achieve the necessary selectivity of detection of the analyte.

The method of the sanitary-epidemiological and hygienic regional mapping is proposed in solving the problems of environmental protection and public health protection as one of the effective approaches to the scientific substantiation of forecasting and purposeful management of the process of the improvement of the population health. Multi-factor mapping based on the analysis of the anthropogenic load on the environment, systematization of data on the state of health of the population and the demographic situation provides an opportunity to simulate the situation, differentially, informatively and evidently determine the most dangerous «hot spots» of the impact of negative factors on the environment and health of the population, relationships and trends in their development in cities and districts of the Lipetsk region. The result of the application of this technology was the creation and production of five atlases on the sanitary and epidemiological situation of the region, contributing to interdepartmental cooperation in the adoption of targeted programs to ensure the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population and to address the financing of priority and long-term implementation.

In the article there are defined the main tasks of risk analysis and its main component — risk management, which make it possible to develop economically efficient measures, aimed at the impact reduction of environmental harmful factors for public health based on the analysis of market driven approaches «cost–benefit» and «cost–effectiveness». As well there are emphasized significant fundamental changes in the area of the legislative support of management activity, focused on sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population. The implementation of risk-focused approach to the practice of means of control and supervision to the government of Russian Federation is an integral part of control reformation system of different nature. The key problems of public health risk management in Russia are defined and the main ways of their solution are discussed. Thus, the development of reliable and scientifically based classifications of hazard level for objects requires clear criteria for supervision of assessing objects. Classes of business entities should reflect the leading risk factors, which discovered in the controlled areas. In the justification of risk from the probability (frequency) of violations of the mandatory requirements of sanitary legislation required the inventory of all consequences of the breach of sanitary legislation for each object of supervision and their ranking according to the degree of hazard. It is pointed out, that the movement towards to the technological regulation of air pollution emissions, including indicators of the Maximum Achievable Control Technology or (MACT) is a progressive management method, which requires an analysis with the use of MACT from the perspective of achieving acceptable risk levels, as well as an assessment of the effectiveness of alternative measures to reduce emissions, including MACT. It was noted, that on the basis of comparative risk analysis, it is possible to assess not only the risk to human health, but also the environmental risk to the ecosystem and its components, as well as the risk associated with the violation of the quality and living conditions. It is seen the interaction of concerned parties in the development of solutions management of health risks from environmental factors.

В июле 2018 г. исполняется 90 лет Михаилу Георгиевичу Шандале — известному гигиенисту, организатору медицинской науки, академику РАН, доктору медицинских наук, профессору, главному научному сотруднику Научно-исследовательского института дезинфектологии Роспотребнадзора.